Mastercivilengineer

• Define what is Civil Engineering?

Answer: Civil engineering is arguably the oldest engineering Discipline. It deals with the designed setting & may be dated to the primary time somebody placed a roof on his or her head or set a stalk across a stream to form it easier to urge across.

The designed setting encompasses abundant of what defines fashionable civilization, Buildings, and bridge area units are commonly the primary constructions that come back to mind, as they are the foremost brilliant creations of structural engineering One in every of civil engineering’s major sub-disciplines. Roads, railroads, subway systems, and airport area units are designed by transportation engineers, another class of engineering. So, there is a unit of the less visible creations of civil engineers. Every time you open a tap of water, you expect water to return out, doltishly that civil engineers created it attainable, the big apple town has one every of the world’s most spectacular water systems, receiving billions of gallons of high-quality water from the mountain chain over 100 miles away. Likewise, not many of us appear to fret regarding what happens to the water once it’s served its functions, The engineering discipline of sanitary engineering has evolved into fashionable environmental engineering of such significance that almost all educational departments have evolved into fashionable environmental engineering of such significance that almost educational departments have modified their names to civil and environmental engineering.

These few examples illustrate that civil engineers do lots quite of style buildings and bridges. They will be found within the region business, coming up with jetliners & house stations; within the automotive business, perfecting the load-carrying capability of a chassis & rising the crashworthiness of bumpers & doors; and they are found within the business of shipbuilding, the ability business, and lots of different industries where made facilities area unit concerned. And that they arrange and supervise the development of these facilities as construction managers.

•  What is the unit weight of concrete?

Answer: As per IS: 456-2000 Unit weight of plain concrete is 2400 Kg/m³ and Rein formed cement concrete is 2500 Kg/m³.

•  Which is the world’s tallest man-made structure?

Answer:  World’s tallest man-made structure is the Burj Khalifa, Dubai which stands at approx. 830 meters tall.

•  What is the procedure involved in the Concreting process?

Answer:  Steps involved in the correcting process are: 1) Batching 2) Mixing 3) Transporting & placing of concrete 4) Compacting.

•  What are the Nominal Concrete Mix proportions for different grades?

Answer:  Nominal Mix Concrete utilized for Concrete of M-20 or lower. M5 :-1:5:10, M7.5 :- 1:4:8, M15 :- 1:2:4, M20 :- 1:1.5:3

•  What is ductility?

Answer:  Ductility is the ability to deform under tensile stress.

•  How do you find the weight of the steel bar used in reinforcement?

Answer:  Weight of the bar in kg/m = D²/162. {Diameter of the bar in mm}

•  What is the difference between a one-way slab and a two-way slab?

Answer:  one-way slab: Ratio of longer than span/shorter Span > 2

When two-way slab: Ratio of longer than span/shorter Span ≤ 2

•  What is the flat slab?

Answer:  The flat slab is supported by columns (the flab slab doesn’t have beams).

•  What is the length of the rise and tread in the staircase?

Answer: Rise – 150mm to 200mm, Tread-250mm to 300mm.

•  What is the difference between Engineering Stress and True Stress?

Answer: At any load, the engineering stress is the load divided by this initial cross-area. At any Load, the true stress is the Load divided by the cross-area at that instant.

•  What are the reasons for building collapse?

Answer: The Passage of time is one reason. Buildings also fall down due to weak foundations. Earthquakes, hurricanes, and other natural disasters can also damage the structure of buildings and cause them to collapse. Bombings or demolition of buildings is also another reason.

•  What are the applications of the Modulus of Elasticity?

Answer: As the term implies, “Modulus of Elasticity” relates to the elasticity or “flexibility” of a material. The value of the modulus of elasticity is very much significant with the deflection of certain materials used in the construction industry. For example, the general E value of mild carbon steel is about 200 GPA compared to about 70 GPA for aluminum. This simply translates that aluminum is 3 times more flexible than steel.

• Define what is the difference between routing maintenance in school facilities?

Answer: Routine maintenance is the minor and consistent repairs on the school premises. Examples could include painting, replacement of fixtures, louver blades, furniture repairs, and patching cracks in school buildings.

The main maintenance could also be a total rehabilitation cost of the school, either school buildings or any other project within the school community. It could be a total restructuring of the lighting system in the school or the sanitary system.

•  How freeway bridges are constructed?

Answer: After calculating the anticipated traffic for the bridge, cement/reinforced-with-rebar stanchions are spaced over the freeway to accommodate the bridge. An ‘off-ramp’ from the freeway to the bridge is built, as is an ‘on-ramp’ to the subsequent road. Cement/rebar slabs are built and lifted with cranes from the platform, and voila drive carefully. Although the bridge deck or roadway is almost always a concrete slab, the structure that holds up the bridge deck can be RCC, structural steel, or a combination of steel & concrete.

•  What are the differences between Absorption and Adsorption?

Answer: Absorption generally refers to two largely unrelated phenomena. In one case, it refers to when atoms, molecules, or ions enter some bulk phase-gas, liquid, or solid material, for instance, a sponge absorbs water when it is dry.

Absorption also refers to the process by which the energy of the photon is taken up by other entities. For example, by an atom whose electrons make a transition between two electronic energy levels, the photon is destroyed in the process. The absorbed energy is re-emitted as radiant energy and transformed into heat energy. The absorption of light waves during wave propagation is also called attenuation. The instruments of spectroscopy in chemistry are based on the absorption of photons by atoms & molecules.

Adsorption refers to a surface rather than a volume: adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute assembles on the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film (the adsorb-ate). It is un-similar to absorption, in which a substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to form a solution.

•  How can you measure concrete mix?

Answer: Cubic feet, Cubic yards, Cubic meter.

•  Define what is the tallest man-made structure in the world?

Answer: The tallest man-made structure is the KVLY_TV mast which is 2063 feet Tall. The world’s tallest man-made structure is Burj Khalifa, Dubai which is 830 meters tall.

•  Define the use of alloys in daily life and how are alloys made.

Answer: Alloying is not always to produce a ‘superior’ material, but to produce materials having a desired requirement in the industry or elsewhere. A classic case is of lead solder (containing lead & tin), in which the melting point of the constituent elements is lowered, not necessarily a desirable property.

Alloying can be carried out by hot press method (a sheet of material is sandwiched with alloying material), rolling the heated base metal in a drum full of alloying metal powder, utilizing hot spraying, galvanizing (dipping the base in a molten solution of alloying material), etc. Once in a while, the alloying material is added in small proportions to the molten base metal (e.g., in the production of different types of steel).

•  Which is the world’s largest concrete dam?

Answer: The Grand Coulee Dam is said to be the biggest Concrete Dam in the world. Currently, the world’s largest Concrete Dam is the Itapúa dam, an accomplishment of two neighboring countries, Brazil and Paraguay in South America. Though it is not finished yet, the three gorges (or Sand pong) Dam on the Yangtze River in China will take over as the biggest upon its completion, which is slated for 2009.

•  What is braced Excavation?

Answer: Excavations are braced to prevent the cave-in of surrounding unstable soil.

•  Define. What is the Soil Reinforcement?

Answer:  Soil reinforcement is the act of improving soil strength to enable it to support or carry more load. Two examples are:

1. Mixing a soil amendment such as lime into weak clayey soil & re-compacting to improve soil-bearing capacity (often done under the road base in highway construction).
2. Installing plastic/composite webbing layers (called geo-grid material) alternating with compacted soil to make a stronger slapped soil structure (often done on steep roadway embankments to improve strength and stability).

•  Define what is aggregate.

Answer: Aggregate is the building material of a composite material utilized to resist compressive stress.

•  In which year was the Keystone power plant in Indiana County constructed?

Answer: In1967 began commercial operation on unit 1.

•  Define what is the force exerted by the Tacoma narrows bridge.

Answer:  The force exerted on the Tacoma narrows bridge was initially the wind resistance. The wind resistance caused the entire bridge to act as a system with forced vibration with damping.

•  Why nautical mile is different from the statute mile?

Answer: 1 nautical mile is defined by 1 latitude minute of arc (there are 60 such minutes to a degree). This equals 1852 meters & roughly (but coincidentally) 2000 yards or 6000 feet. (Standard nautical mile is 6076 Feet, 6000 feet, and 2000 yards are commonly used approximations but produce an error of about 1%). The statute mile has a little fuzzier definition to start with, as one mile was the same as 1000 roman paces/steps. The report has since changed, but 1 statute mile equals about 1609 meters.

•  Define what is rigging.

Answer:  In sailing, the ropes are used to move the sails around so the boat will in the right direction when the wind blows.

•  What is Absolute Pressure?

Answer: Absolute pressure is simply the addition of the observed gauge pressure plus the value of the local atmospheric pressure.

•  How do we calculate Absolute Pressure?

Answer: Absolute is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric.

•  What is the Gravity flow?

Answer: Gravity flow is fluid flowing due to the forces of gravity alone not to an applied pressure head. In the Bernoulli equation, the pressure term is emitted, and the height and velocity terms are the only ones included.

•  Define what a kip is.

Answer: 1 Kip = 1000 lbs.

•  What are some structures that may be subjected to fatigue?

Answer: Bridges, hydraulic presses, burner trains.

•  Will going from a 3-tap to 6-tap increase water pressure?

Answer: No, the pressure will be the same, you will get more volume only if your pumps can handle the GPM, to increase the pressure you may need a booster pump or a single pump that is rated for your needs.

•  Why does the pressure increase under the soil?

Answer: Soil pressure increases with depth due to the overburden or self-weight of the soil and due to loads upon the soil. For example, the variation of pressure below the depth of soil is linear & the relation is given by pressure = unit wt.* depth. As depth increases, there will be a linear change in the soil pressure.

•  Define the distance between railway tracks.

Answer:  4 feet, 8 ½ inches

•  How high should the water tank be to provide a 60 PSI at the base of this water tower?

Answer: 138.60 ft., 2.3 ft. of water = 1 PSI

•  What are the steps involved in Building construction?

Answer:  There are different steps involved in Building construction.

•  Define what are the reasons for geotechnical site investigations in Uganda?

Answer:  To know the soil properties, in so doing be able to determine whether the particular site is suitable for the purpose intended.

• To get an idea about the history of the site.
• To know what remedial, need to be put in place before construction can start.
• Based on the soil properties, that can be determined on-site in the lab, design the appropriate foundation for the structure.

•  What do you mean by Honeycomb in Concrete?

Answer:   Some people call it an air pocket in the concrete or a avoid.

•  What is the purpose of the gap in the road on this bridge?

Answer: The purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to expand and contract with temperature changes without causing damage or deformation to the road.

•  Define what is a project line?

Answer: A projection line is a way, in which the earth is shown on a flat piece of paper.

•  What is a moment of inertia and its importance in civil engineering?

Answer:  The moment of interior measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that same axis) trying to rotate that body.

•  Define what is the origin of the name Railway Sleepers?

Answer:  When sleepers were added below the railway, lines the trains ran more smoothly and people fell asleep on their journeys.

•  Does brick grow bigger every year?

Answer:  Usually bricks do not grow, but since stuff gets all over, it looks like it grows.

•  What is the absolute pressure scale?

Answer:  Absolute pressure is calculated from a vacuum (0 PSI) and atmospheric pressure is 14.7 PSI or 14.7 PSI above a vacuum 1PSI on a tire pressure gauge is called 1PSI = 15.7PSIa, 10PSIg=24.7PSIa, 100 PSIg=114.7PSIa, etc.

•  Differentiate between QA and QC.

Answer:   Many engineers & organizations are confused about the difference between quality assurance (QA) Quality control (QC) & testing. Both terms are closely related, but they are different concepts. Since all 3 are necessary to manage the risks of developing & maintaining software, it is important for software managers to understand the differences. The definition of both terms are as below:

• Quality Assurance (QA): A set of activities designed to ensure that the development & maintenance process is adequate to ensure a system will meet its objectives.
• Quality Control (QC): A set of activities designed to evaluate a developed work product.
• Testing is the process of executing a system with the intent of finding defects. (Note that the “process of executing a system” includes test planning before the execution of the test cases.)

•  Does water damage concrete?

Answer: As far as the only concrete mix is concerned i.e., plain cement concrete, the effect of water seepage is very little (depending upon the grade of concrete) whereas for R.C.C. (Reinforced Cement Concrete) water that seeps in corrodes the reinforcement, and thus reduces the life of the structure. The problems that water seepage induces in concrete are as follows:

• Induces capillary formation (due to the detonating characteristics of water)
• With these capillaries, the concrete starts spelling out: i.e., the places where capillaries are formed, with even a slight amount of stress that portion comes out and exposes the steel to the atmosphere.
• Concrete has a PH of about 12-13 and reduces the PH Concrete when in salty water (or) when exposed to marshy areas.
• Reduces the overall strength of concrete
• Reduces durability
• Reduces permeability to further water seepage
• Results in the aging of structures.

•  How do you determine the Specific gravity of cement?

Answer: Cement is mostly purchased as a powdery material that is mixed with sand, aggregate, gravel, and water to form concrete. Since the cement itself is usually a powder, it is hard to measure the standard value for its specific gravity. In addition, since cement is usually not used itself. Knowing its specific gravity (G) is not particularly useful. A more meaningful question is “what is the typical density of concrete? ” A rule of thumb is that normal cured.

Concrete has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot (ft. cub). This consists of the weight of the cement, sand, aggregate & that part of the water that is chemically mixed with the cement to form the concrete. Since water weighs about 62.4 pounds per cubic foot, concrete is about 2.4 times heavy, thus the specific gravity of concrete is about 2.4. If you took cement & mixed it with water, you would eventually have a hard lump of useless cement and it would also have a specific gravity of between 2 and 2.4.

•  What are the advancements in Civil Engineering?

Answer: Unlike other streams of engineering, the major advancement of the field has been in the early years of the century before the last century when the use of concrete technology is advanced. The use of cement as a construction material is since the turn of the last century, and improvement in the field is increased using steel elements in the construction of buildings and bridges of various types. With the help of two, it was possible to do multistory building in the world. Types of machinery were created to speed up the construction of structures. The last century has also been the advent of Sophisticated designs to withstand the effects of an earthquake which was not possible before. With the use of computers, the development of models and analysis of structures under the effect of loads was made possible. Just two decades, it used to take months and months to design high-rise buildings and big bridges. Now it is a matter of hours.

•  How do you maintain water pressure?

Answer: if you have water pressure and wish to maintain it. Do not cause flow in the line. Which will reduce pressure due to friction. To keep the pressure up, reduce friction by increasing the line size or eliminating some other restriction.

•  Explain some facts about the concrete mix.

Answer: Drying is not directly linked to hardness in concrete. After the concrete is poured, putting it in a wet environment by spraying it constantly with water will hasten its hardening and its curing. After concrete cures, it is hard.

•  How many kilonewtons equal 1000 kilograms?

Answer: When the 1000 kg is at rest, on Earth with a gravitational acceleration of 9.81 m/s², 1000 kg equals 9.81 KN.

•  How much time does it take concrete to harden?

Answer:  It takes 28 days to cure.

•  Define what is the unit weight of normal concrete?

Answer:  145 PCF

•  What is the difference between shear and tensile strength?

Answer: Tensile Strength for a bolt is determined by applying a force along its long existence. Shear Strength for a bolt is determined by applying a force across its diameter, as it would be loaded in a lug joint.

•  Define what are the materials used in building a gravity dam?

Answer: There are many gravity dams constructed of compacted earth. The dams which are built higher are generally made of concrete. All concrete dams require a spillway to be safe. The spillway should be armored.

•  How many feet are in 4 square yards?

Answer: There are 9 square feet in a square yard therefore there are 36 square feet in 4 square yards.

•  What is the average density of soil mass?

Answer: For purposes of civil engineering, an average soil will have a density of about 100 to 110 pounds per cubic foot. (This can vary a little depending on how well-compacted the soil is.)

•  What are the strongest shapes in building?

Answer: The Pillars

•  What is the density of most construction materials?

Answer: If it floats it is less dense than water, 62.4 lbs./cubic ft. Wood is about 40 lbs./cubic ft. – it floats. The concrete is 150 lbs./cu. ft – It does not float.

•  What is the critical path in the MS project?

Answer: The critical path consists of a series of tasks that must be completed on schedule for a project to finish on schedule. It is the series of tasks or maybe even a single task that dictates the calculated finish date. Every task on the critical path is a critical task.

•  Where will be the reinforcement of the slab placed when there is an inverted beam and the bottom of the beam and slab are at the same level?

Answer: Irrespective of the type of reinforced concrete flexural element, the fundamental requirement is that tension reinforcement should be placed in that portion of the section which has tensile stresses. Depending upon the type of element & loading, tensile stresses may not be on the same (top or bottom) edge of the section. But it is very easy to calculate the portion of the length of the element where tension is at the top & where it is at the bottom, by studying the bending moment (BM) diagram of the element, Reinforcement is placed on the compression side of the elements when it is required to increase the moment carrying capacity of the section beyond the limit possible for an under-informed section. Replacing a portion of concrete in compression makes it possible to increase the moment of resistance without increasing the depth of the section. Having said that an inverted beam (with slab flush with the bottom of the beam) reverses the location of the flange but not the banding moment distribution. So, the positioning of reinforcement would be the same as a normal beam. But it influences the amount of reinforcement because of the changed flange location.

•  Which condition will prevail for the design of a swimming pool? When the pool is empty or when it is filled?

Answer: Depends on many factors in-ground vs above-ground – but both are a good answer – in-ground an empty pool must withstand the force of the earth pushing on it. Both when filled must handle the force of the water on the shape of the walls and bottom.

•  Which one is stronger, solid steel rod or hollow steel pipe?

Answer: On a per-pound basis, steel pipe is stronger in bending and is less likely to buckle in axial compression.

•  What is Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)?

Answer: Reinforced concrete has steel bars or meshes in them, which gives extra strength to the construction.

•  What are the different types of foundations?

Answer: 3 main types of foundations are as below:

• Basement: In this, a basement is prepared first on top of it the building is constructed.
• Crawl space: It is a raised foundation, it is built above the ground, just allowing enough space to crawl underneath.
• Slab: In this type of foundation, concrete is directly poured into the pit made in the ground.

•  Define. What is Hybrid Foundation?

Answer: Hybrid Foundation is usually used for high-rise buildings; it contains both soils supported mats and piles. This type of foundation helps reduce the amount of the settlement.

•  List out the common ways of demolition?

Answer:

• Hydro-demolition
• Pressure Bursting
• Dismantling

•  What is a floating slab foundation?

Answer: A floating concrete foundation is a type of mat foundation that consists of a hollow mat made by a grid of thick reinforced concrete walls between two thick reinforced concrete slabs.

•  Define different types of roof systems?

Answer:

• Slate or Stone roofs
• Wood shingle roofs
• Metal roofing systems

•  What phases of inspections are done by local authorities while construction?

Answer: Various inspections during the construction includes

• Site Inspection
• Pre-construction or first-construction Inspection
• Foundation inspection (before placing concrete)
• Framing inspection (before insulating or covering the frame) Insulation inspection (After the insulation is completed)
• Final inspection (after all construction is completed, and Permits are received)

•  What is the Critical Path Method (CPM)?

Answer: Critical Path Method is a strategy and method of representing the respective tasks and activities involved in the construction through a symbolic diagram.

•  What are demising walls?

Answer: Demising wall is used for the boundary that separates your land or house from a neighbor’s house.

•  What are structural frames or systems?

Answer: Structural frames are a load-bearing assembly of beams and columns on a foundation. Normally, the columns & beams are generally fabricated off-site and assembled on-site.

•  What are the Construction Manager’s Responsibilities?

Answer: Construction Manager Deals with many responsibilities there are:

• Cost Estimation
• Chosen materials pre-purchasing
• Bidding phase of bidder’s selection
• Proposal analysis
• Monitoring and scheduling of construction
• Construction of Cost Control
• Supervision and contract Negotiations construction

•  On the construction site, what are the risks which are faced by Workers?

Answer: Some risk factors on the construction site will be faced by the workers such as:

• Falls from heights
• Scaffold and collapse trench
• Blasting of arc and shocks
• Incorrectly using the personal protective Equipment

•  Explain OSHA compliance?

Answer: Occupational Safety and Health Act is shortly called OSHA; the main motto of this act is to deal with health

And security rules for their workers. So, it is a standard action that is followed by every construction company.

•  What is Reinforced Cement Concrete?

Answer: Reinforced concrete contains mesh and steel bars that support extreme strength in the construction.

•  What are the applications consisting of the modulus of elasticity (E)?

Answer:

• Construction of pillars, bridges, beams Etc.
• Utilized to test the distortion property of the new materials
• Calculates & measures the contortion response between the materials among working loads & Weight.
• It measures the relationship between the stress-strain.

•  Explain the effect of a building collapse?

Answer:

1. Material wastage
2. Unhealthy environment
3. CIVIL
4. Loss of economy

Homeless with the deprivation of countless properties.

•  Explain the primary difference between Adsorption & Absorption?

Answer:

A) Absorption:

• It is a bulk occurrence.
• The process involved in absorption is endothermic.
• It has a uniform state of the process.
• It is the combination of molecular species in liquid or solid form.

B) Adsorption:

• It is the occurrence on the surface It is an exothermic process
• Its extended equilibrium was increasing steadily and gradually
• Surface accumulation of the molecular species, rather than the bulk of solid or liquid

•  What is meant by the compressive strength of fly ash bricks?

Answer: 3.5 N/mm² is the strength & the fly ash brick wall is 3 times more than the normal brick which is produced with clay, and the normal clay value is bricked compressive which is 10-12 N/mm².

•  List out the different types of roofing systems?

Answer:

• Laminated asphalt shingles
• Rubber Membrane Roofing
• Solar Tiles
• Cedar Shingles or Shakes
• Living Roofs
• Asphalt Shingles
• Asphalt Roll Roofing

•  What responsibilities are assigned to the site manager?

Answer: Planning all the work which is to be done according to the project. Decision-making is required. Organization & preparing the list of the work to be done.

Commitment to the safety & health regulations within other legislation.

Traveling & connecting the sites for client meetings.

•  Define the terms segregation & bleeding?

Answer: In civil engineering, the process of mixing water in the concrete where the concrete increases beyond the material’s surface are called bleeding.

•  How to calculate the strength of the cement?

Answer: After the completion of the curing process the measurement is taken for about 7 or 28 days. The load is gradually applied at 140kg/cm² per minute up to the specimen’s failure. We can get the concrete’s compressive strength or the cement at load failure divided by the area of specimens.

•  What is the strength of cement?

Answer: The cement’s strength is based on the Hardness of Cement sand mentor cubes, which are prepared from the cement and consist of 53MP strength. It is obtained from OPC Grade cement within 28 days of the cement’s compressive strength. This is one of the general questions asked in civil engineering interviews.

•  What is the crank length in the slab defined?

Answer:

• 300mm is the minimum length of a crank
• Crank length formula is = (d1+d2+5)×10mm
• d1 smaller bar diameter
• d2 largest bar diameter
• The crank slope is 1:10.

•  What is a two-way slab?

Answer: Beam helps the four sides of the concrete slab and loads within both directions. The ratio between longer & shorter spans is below 2. Example: multistoried buildings.

•  What is meant by a one-way slab?

Answer: The beams assist the way slab on two opposite sides. Its mam works to carry the load within one direction The ratio of the span between longer and Shorter is equal or more than 2. Example: Verandah.

•  What is a beam?

Answer:

• It is the best example of a structural element that bends.
• It gives the best solution to many structural problems of moving gravity horizontal loads up to the load elements.
• It gives the linear structural element towards the perpendicular loads and gets the flex load which is applied within the Axis.

•  What is Slab?

Answer: The slab is a flexural element that allows the load horizontally or in many directions to contain a single plane.

Whereas the resistance in the bending slab is the same as the beam, and vary from proportional beams continuous in both directions.

It is concrete pavement that is bent perpendicular & promotes torsion in the slab.

•  How do you build-up the weight of steel?

Answer: To calculate the weight of steel, the formula is Ex: 95 x length (m) x width (m) x thickness (mm).

•  What is seepage?

Answer: Seepage is well known for the slow seeping of water through the soil.

•  What are the potential risk factors for workers on the construction site?

Answer:

• Potential risk factors for the worker on the construction VIL
• Falls from heights
• Scaffold and Trench collapse
• Electric shock and arc blast
• Repetitive motion injuries
• Not using personal protective equipment correctly

•  What is the Compressive Strength of brick?

Answer:

• Second class brick-70 kg/cm²
• First-class brick-105 kg/cm²
• Fire brick-125 kg/cm²

•  What are the steps involved in the concreting process?

Answer: The major steps in converting process are

• Batching
• Mixing
• Transporting and placing concrete
• Compacting

•  How do you check the quality of cement on the site?

Answer:

• Date of Mfg. Cement strength decreases with its age so it is very important to check
• Color: The Color should be grey with light greenish, the color is an indication of excess lime or clay
• Float test: A good cement will float for some time and then sinks. Also, when you put your hand in a cement bag you should feel cool

•  What are the basic differences between absorption, adsorption, and sorption?

Answer:

• Absorption: It is the conversion or mixing of one material into another state.
• Adsorption: The physical bonding of ions and molecules onto the surface of another phase
• Sorption: It Is and molecules Sorption. It is a physical and chemical process in which are substance becomes attached to another.

•  What is soil analysis?

Answer: Soil analysis is the testing of soil to determine the nutritional and elemental composition of the soil. It is generally tested for knowing the contents of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous.

•  Define. What do you mean by segregation?

Answer: Segregation is the separation of cement, and sand from aggregate. This is because of the water-cement ratio when concrete is poured about more than 1.5m.

•  Define. What is bleeding in concrete?

Answer:  Bleeding is one form of segregation, where water comes out to the surface of the concrete, because of its lowest specific

The gravity of water is among all the ingredients of concrete.

•  What is Honeycombing of concrete?

Answer: Honeycombs are hollow spaces and cavities left in concrete mass on the surface or inside the concrete mass where concrete could not reach. These look like honey bee nests.

•  Define. What is the crank length in the slab?

Answer: The crank length in Slab is 0.42 D. Where D= Slab thickness (Top cover Bottom Cover)

•  What is the slope of the Staircase?

Answer: As per IS 456, the slope or pitch of the stair should be between 25 degrees to 40 degrees.

•  What is the difference between engineering stress & true stress?

Answer: At any load, the engineering stress is the load divided by this initial cross-area. At any load, the true stress is the load divided by the cross-area at that instant.

•  What is a flat slab?

Answers: Flat slab is supported on columns (Fie does not have beams)) According to IS 456: 2000, M refers to Mix, and 25 refers to the characteristic compressive.

•  What do you mean by M25 Concrete?

Answer: The strength of the concrete cube of 150mmx150mmX150 mm tested at the end of 28 days should be a minimum of 25 N/mm².

•  What is the maximum allowable fresh concrete temperature until utilized as per ASTM?

Answer: 32° C

• What are the skills required to become an architect?

Answer:

• Conceptual understanding of designing models
• Basic knowledge of computer and architect-related software programs
• Designing 3D models
• Engineering ability
• Business aptitude
• Legal knowledge

•  For filling cracks in masonry structures, the type of bitumen used, is.

Answer: Plastic bitumen

•  What is the process of covering concrete placed on the exposed top of an external wall?

Answer: Coping

•  What is the minimum curing period?

Answer: IS 456-2000 recommends that the curing duration of concrete must be at least 7 days in the case of Ordinary Portland Cement, and at least 10 days for concrete with Mineral admixtures. It is also suggestible that the curing period should not be less than 10 days for concrete of OPC exposed to dry & hot weather conditions and 14 days for concrete with mineral admixtures in hot & dry weather.

• ____is the minimum weight of fine aggregate for sieve analysis as per ASTM C136.

Answer: 300 g

•  How many hours should CBR samples be soaked?

Answer: 96 hrs.

•  What is the bearing capacity of granite is normal?

Answer: 30 to 35 kg/cm²

•  What is grouting?

Answer: Grout is a fluid form of concrete that is used to fill voids.

•  What is the recommended slump for the column?

Answer: 75 to 125 mm

•  What is the minimum curing period?

Answer: As per IS: 456-2000, recommend that the curing duration of concrete must be at least 7 days in the case of Ordinary Portland Cement minimum of 10 days for concrete with Mineral admixtures.

It also recommends that the curing duration should not be less than 10 days for a concrete mix of OPC exposed to dry & hot weather conditions and 14 days for concrete with mineral admixtures in hot and dry weather.

•  What are the functions of a column in a building?

Answer: The column is a vertical member in a building whose Primary function is to support the structural load and transfer it through beams. Upper columns transfer the load to the lower columns and finally to the ground through footings.

•  What are the uses of Groynes?

Answer: They prevent, or slow down erosion, and stop the longshore drift. This, however, can have bad knock-on effects somewhere nearby.

•  What is the initial and final setting time of the ideal cement mix?

Answer: The initial setting time for an ideal cement mix is around 30 minutes for almost all kinds of types of cement. For cement used in masonry, it can be 90 minutes. The final setting time of the ideal cement mix should be 10 hours at max. For masonry cement, it should not exceed 24 hours.

•  The portion of a brick cut across the width is called…

 Answer: Bat

•  The length of each fish plate is

 Answer: 457.2mm

•  Rail chairs are used to fix

Answer: Double-head rails

•  The creeping of rails can be checked by using

Answer: Anchors

•  What Is Rigging?

Answer: In sailing, the ropes are used to move the sails around so the boat will move in the right direction when the wind blows.

•  What are the materials utilized in building a Gravity Dam?

Answer: There are many gravity dams constructed of compacted earth. Dams that are constructed higher are normally built with concrete. All concrete dams require a spillway to be safe. The spillway should be armored.

•  What is the Purpose of the Gap in the Road on This Bridge?

Answer: The purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to expand and contract with temperature changes without causing damage or deformation to the road,

•  On Indian railways, the minimum formation width in embankment for a single line of board gauge is

Answer: 6.1m

•  The device used for changing the direction of the engines is called

Answer: Turntable

•  The device provided to prevent the vehicles from moving beyond the end of the rail at terminals is called

Answer: Buffer stops

•  What is the Moment of Inertia and its importance in Civil Engineering?

Answer: The Moment of Inertia calculates the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that same axis) trying to rotate that body.

•  The distance between the running edge of the stock and the switch rails at the switch heel is called…

Answer: Heel clearance

•  What are various tests for checking brick quality?

Answer: We can use a water absorption test, hardness test, shape & size, crushing strength test, soundness test, etc. to check the brick quality. In the water absorption test, we dip the brick for 16 hours in water. If the weight of the brick after dipping in water does not exceed 20%, it can be considered a first-class brick, if below 22.5% it can be considered a second-class brick, if below 25% it can be considered a third-class brick. In the crushing test, its crushing strength should be a minimum of 10 N/mm² for first-class bricks, and 7.5 N/mm² for second-class bricks. In the hardness test, we scratch bricks with nails. It should be scratch free. In the soundness test, we check the metallic sound by striking two becks with each other.

•  The distance between the adjacent faces of the stock rail and the check rail is called…

 Answer: Flange way clearance

•  What is the void ratio?

Answer: Void ratio is the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids.

•  How do you determine the Specific Gravity of Cement?

Answer: Cement is usually purchased as a powdery substance that is mixed with sand, aggregate, gravel, and water to form concrete. Since the cement itself is normally a powder, it is hard to measure a standard value for its specific gravity. Moreover, since cement is usually not used by itself, knowing its specific gravity is not particularly useful.

A more useful question Is “What is the typical density of concrete?” A rule of thumb answer is that normally cured concrete has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot. This consists of the weight of the cement, sand, aggregate & that Part of the water that is chemically mixed with the cement to form the concrete. Since water weighs about 62.4 pounds per cubic foot, concrete is about 2.4 times as heavy. Thus, the specific gravity (G) of the concrete mix is about 2.4. If you took cement & mixed it with water, you would eventually have a hard lump of useless cement and it would also have a specific gravity of between 2 and 2.4.

•  Why Concrete Cover is provided for reinforcement?

Answer: Concrete cover for reinforcement is required to protect the rebar against corrosion and to provide resistance against Fire.

•  How do check the level on the construction site?

Answer: I will check the level on the construction site by Spirit level, Dumpy Level, and Leveling Pipe.

•  What do you do if any concrete cube fails in 28 days test of compressive strength?

Answer: If the concrete cube fails in the strength test, I will conduct a core cutter test on the concrete and send a report to higher authorities.

•  What is the Unit weight of 12 mm Steel Bars?

Answer: 0.89 kg/m

•  Explain what is floating slab foundation is.

Answer: A floating concrete foundation is a type of mat foundation that consists of a hollow mat made by a grid of thick reinforced concrete walls between two thick reinforced concrete slabs.

•  What is the Density of Steel Reinforcement?

Answer: 7850 kg/m³

•  The height of the low curb?

Answer: A curb is a structure used to separate pavement and median, pavement and shoulder, and pavement and footpath. In low curbs, the height is restricted to 100mm only.

•  What is the Volume of a 50 kg bag of cement?

Answer: 0.035 m³

•  List out the functions of grout inside tendon ducts?

Answer:

• Grout in prestressing works serves the following purposes:
• Protect the tendon against corrosion.
• Improve the ultimate capacity of the tendon.
• Provide a bond between the structural member & the tendon.
• At the time of failure, the anchorage is not subject to all strain energy.

• What is the average value of Stair Width in a Residential Building?

Answer: 900 mm

• What are the functions of shear keys in the design of retaining walls?

Answer: In determining the external stability of retaining walls, failure modes like bearing failure, sliding, and overturning are normally considered in the design. In considering the criteria of sliding, the sliding resistance of retaining walls is derived from the base friction between the wall base and the foundation soils. To enhance the sliding resistance of retaining walls, other than providing a large self-weight or largely retained soil, shear keys are to be installed at the wall base.

• The Slope of the Stair Should not Exceed.

Answer: 25-40°

• Minimum diameter of steel in Column.

Answer: 12 mm

• Standard Size of Brick?

Answer: 19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm

• What is the Unit Weight of RCC?

Answer: 2500 kg/m³

• Explain what are the problems one might face while having a Cantilever balcony.

Answer: Cantilever balconies are usually unsupported and extend outwards, so the problems with Cantilever balconies are:

• Excess deflection or bounce
• Weakness of the deck structure
• Rot and water damage to the interior of the house
• Unevenness inside the house
• Can’t use the balcony for gardening or other purposes as it is not designed to lift excess amount of weight

• One Acre sq. ft.

Answer: 43560 sq. ft.

• What is the Full Form of UTM?

Answer: Universal Testing Machine

• Cement Expire After?

Answer: 3 months

• What is the IS code for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

Answer: IS: 456

• One square meter = Sq.ft.

Answer: 10.76 Sq. ft

• What are the standard American codes for steel and concrete?

 Answer: ACI and AISC

• What is the code of practice for General Construction in steel?

 Answer: IS: 800

• What is the unit weight of 25 mm Steel Bars?

Answer: 3.85 kg/m

• For Steel structures what is a permissible vertical deflection?

Answer: Span/325

• One Tone is equal to kilograms

 Answer: 1000 KG

• The maximum Free fall of concrete allowed is?

Answer: 1.5 m

• The instrument used for level work on a construction site?

Answer: Dumpy Level

• What is the minimum reinforcement in beams?

Answer: Ast/b×d = 0.85/fy

• What is the maximum reinforcement in beams?

Answer: 0.04×b×d

• What is the minimum reinforcement in slabs?

Answer: 0.12% of gross area

• What is the minimum reinforcement in columns?

Answer: 0.8% of the area

• What is the maximum reinforcement in columns?

Answer: 4%

• Minimum Bars in Circular Column Should be

Answer: 6 Nos.

• What is the Full Form of AAC?

Answer: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

• What is the Full Form of NDT?

Answer: Non-Destructive Test

• What is the Full Form of JCB?

Answer: Joseph Cyril Bamford

• Which Test is conducted to determine the bearing capacity of Soil?

Answer: Plate Load Test

• Ring and ball test is conducted on which construction material?

Answer: Bitumen

• Where is the section for bending considered

 Answer: At the face of the column

• What is the maximum no of steps in a flight?

Answer: 12

• What are various limit states of strength?

Answer: Flexure, Compression, shear, and torsion

• Minimum hook length as per IS Code?

Answer: 75 mm

• What is the extra length of Bent-up bars?

Answer:  0.45×D

• What is the Least Count of Dumpy?

Answer:  5mm

• What is Full of EGL?

Answer: Existing ground level.

• A First-Class Brick Should Absorb Water More than?

 Answer:  20%

• What is the minimum no of bars to be provided in a rectangular column?

Answer: 4

• What is the minimum no of bars to be provided in the circular column?

Answer: 6

• What are the various losses in pre-stressing?

Answer:  

• Elastic deformation of concrete
• Shrinkage of concrete
• Creep of concrete
• Relaxation of stress in steel

• Vicat apparatus is used for

Answer: Consistency test.

• Le-chatliers apparatus is used for

Answer: Soundness test

• Number of Bricks used in 1 Cubic meter of Brickwork?

Answer:  500 Nos.

• The Normal Consistency of Portland cement?

Answer:  25%

• The Expansion in Portland cement is tested by…

Answer: Soundness Test

• What is the shear center in a steel beam

Answer: It is the point or axis through which load acts

• What is Strict

Answer:  Strict is a compression member

• What is the Modular ratio?

Answer: It is the ratio of the Modulus of elasticity of steel to the Modulus of elasticity of concrete.

• What is the minimum diameter of the bar used in the column?

Answer: 12

• What are bearing piles?

Answer:  Bearing piles transfer the loads to the hard strata

• What are friction Piles?

Answer: Friction piles transfer the loads by friction between the surface of the pile and the soil.

• According to IS Code, Full Strength of Concrete is achieved after?

Answer: 28 Days

• What is the Volume of 1 bag of cement?

Answer: 0.035 m³

• Minimum Grade of Concrete Used For RCC?

Answer: M-20

• What is the slenderness limit for the column?

Answer: Less than 12, it is a short column

• What is the initial and final setting time for cement?

Answer: Less than 30 min and 600 min.

• Le chatliers apparatus is used for

Answer: Soundness test

• How do check the level on the construction site?

Answer: I will check the level on the construction site by Spirit level, Dumpy Level, and Leveling Pipe.

• What is the accuracy of the dumpy level or minimum reading we can take?

Answer: With the use of a dumpy level, we can take up 5mm accurate reading or minimum reading.

• In Fe-415 Steel Grade, 415 indicates the

Answer: Tensile Strength.

• 1 KN is equal to KG

Answer: 101.97 KG

• The instrument used for level work on a construction site?

Answer: Dumpy Level

• Minimum Bars in Circular Column Should be

Answer: 6 Nos.

• What is the Full Form of AAC?

Answer: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete.

• What is the Full Form of NDT?

Answer: Non-Destructive Test

• What is the Full Form of JCB?

Answer: Joseph Cyril Bam ford

• Which Test is conducted to determine the bearing capacity of Soil?

Answer: Plate Load Test

• Minimum hook length as per IS Code?

Answer: 75 mm

• Explain what progress payment is.

Answer: A progress payment is a payment done by the owner to the contractor in parts after the completion of a certain amount of construction. Technically it is a difference between the completed work and material stored and a predetermined schedule of values or unit costs.

• Define the Order of Change request.

Answer: Change order request is a written document given by the owner, requesting an adjustment to the contract sum or an extension of the contract time. It can be issued by the architect or IHB’s representative.

• Explain the term Demising Wall.

Answer: The Significance of the labor and material payment bond is if the contractor fails to pay for all labor, and materials Demising wall act as a boundary that separates your land or house from a neighbor’s house or property equipment or services following the contrary, he/she will guarantee payment to the owner under this bond. Hence, it is a bond between the owner and the main contractor.

• What is the Critical Path Method (CPM)?

Answer: CPM is a strategy along with the method of representing the respective tasks and activities to be involved in the construction of a symbolic diagram.

• The Expansion in Portland cement is tested by…

 Answer: Soundness Test

• The Normal Consistency of Portland cement?

 Answer: 25%

• Number of Bricks used in 1 Cubic meter of Brickwork?

Answer: 500 Nos.

• A 1^st Class Brick Should not Absorb Water More than?

Answer: 20%

• What is the Least Count of Dumpy?

Answer: 5mm

• What is the extra length of Bent-up bars?

Answer: 0.45

• What is a Frame Structure?

Answer: Beams and columns form load-bearing assembly on a foundation called Structural frames. However, the columns & Beams are commonly fabricated offsite and can be assembled on-site.

• Explain the concept of “Release of Lien”?

Answer: Documentation executed by any individual or firm in the availability of supplying labor, material, and professional service on a project, which will release its mechanic’s lien against the project property.

• Define the Architect-Prepared Contract.

 Answer: A contract is an agreement prepared by the architect between the owner and himself which is further researched by an attorney before its execution is an architect -Prepared Contract. It is a legal contract with all terms & conditions including adequate legal protection offered for both parties.

• What does 1/8 on the architect ruler indicate?

Answer: 1/8 on the architect ruler is a scale that converts 1/8 inch onto the drawing to 1 foot. Its presentation will be shown with a scale of 1/8” 1 foot.

• What software programs can be used by architects?

Answer: The list of software programs is as follows:

• AutoCAD
• 3DS Max
• Sketch up
• Photoshop
• Adobe creative suites
• Microsoft Office
• Digital Media, Heir use is based on the type of architectural project.

• Explain what are skills required for a good architect.

Answer:

• Conceptual understanding related to designing models, Basic knowledge of computer and architectural software programs
• Various Engineering Abilities
• General and Business aptitude
• Knowledge of 3D model Designs
• What are the different dimension tools in CAD?

Answer: For accessing CAD dimension tools one must go to CAD Dimensions. The wide range of dimension tools is listed below:

• Manual dimensions
• Interior dimensions
• Point-to-point dimensions
• Display temporary dimensions of moving objects utilizing dimensions
• Auto exterior dimensions
• Auto interior dimensions
• End-to-end dimensions

• What are the most helpful and best engineering Apps?

Answer: Some of the best apps for civil engineering are:

• Sketchbook
• Photoshop Express
• Flip board
• Evernote
• STEEL
• Dropbox
• Houzz
• AutoCAD WS
• Magic Plan

• What are Wooden Shingles?

Answer: Slats or sheets rectangular in shapes that are nailed to the exterior surface are called wooden shingles. The shingling Method is a conventional weatherproofing method for buildings.

• What are the common problems/issues that architects must tackle?

Answer: Common problems faced by architecture are, the client would sometimes not able to know what they want, and that is when the architect will face problems in designing the structure. When the budget is minimum and the requirement of the customer is custom design at standard design cost when an architect is provided with less space to work.

• What is the difference between Built Area & Super Built-up Area?

Answer: The difference between a built-up area and a super built-up area, the built-up area includes a carpet area plus an area covered by walls, pillars as well as ducts. It is having 10% more area than the carpet area on another hand, the super built-up area includes your built-up area plus the area that you use as a building amen club, etc. amenities like the passage of lift, stairs, and, gym.

• Define the terms Bending Moment (BM) & Shear Force (SF).

Answer: A bending moment is a reaction that tends to bend the element when an external resist shear force is a major objective than its ability to resist an axial force. The axial force acts parallel to the longitudinal axis.

• What is the type of bitumen used for filling cracks in masonry structures?

Answer: Plastic bitumen is the best-suited bitumen used for filling cracks in masonry structures.

• Give the name of the wall constructed to resist the pressure of an earth filling.

Answer: The Retaining wall

• List the steps involved in the concreting process.

Answer:

• Steps in Concreting are as given below
• Batching of Concrete
• Mixing.
• Transportation of Concrete
• Compaction of Concrete
• Curing

• What reason for concrete being weak in tension?

Answer: Concrete is a combination of materials like several aggregate types, cement, pozzolana, water, air, etc. which stick together with a cement paste. The zone named the “interface zone” is the weakest link in the structure. During compression, that interface is the only one to transfer compressive stresses from aggregate to aggregate. Which does not require exceptional strength. The aggregates which are in tension are trying to pull away from each other & the bond is what holds it tightly. Since it is significantly weaker than the aggregates, it is what results in failure

• What is Bursting Reinforcement?

Answer: Tensile stresses induced during pre-stressing operation are called bursting reinforcement and it is more where the stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of the load.

• What are the functions of columns in a building?

Answer: Support structural load and transfer it through beams to the foundation.

• What do we call the portion of a brick cut across its width?

Answer: BAT

• Explain what the void ratio is.

Answer: Void ratio is the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids.

• How do check the level on the construction site?

Answer: Spirit level, Dumpy Level, and Leveling Pipes are used to check levels on construction sites.

• In Fe-415 Steel Grade, 415 indicates of

Answer: Steel 415 is the Tensile Strength of steel

• What is the mix ratio for M-20 Grade of concrete?

Answer: 1: 1.5: 3

• How can you measure the volume of concrete?

Answer: It is a simple task of multiplying its Length, Width, and Thickness together. For Example – 2m x 2m x 2m = 8 m³ of the volume of concrete.